• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to methods for producing a smokable film interconnected and having on the surface a water-insoluble layer of pulverized plant materials and / or tobacco waste. The aim of the invention is to obtain a film having improved filling capacity, moisture resistance and high smoking. 1e properties. After the formation of a smoking film, it is coated with a solution or suspension based on pectin, in which at least one water-soluble modified pectin from the group of low-esterized pectins with a degree of esterification from 0.5 to 40% and / or amine is used. - dated low-esterified pectin with a degree of sterication from 20 to 35% and with an appropriate degree of amidation from 15 to 30%. The solution or suspension is applied in such an amount that the concentration of modified pectin on the film surface relative to the weight of the dry end product is 0.5-1.5% by weight. 1 hp f-ly. 5 tab. i SL C
    公开号:SU1405690A3
    申请号:SU833609885
    申请日:1983-06-28
    公开日:1988-06-23
    发明作者:Эгри Ласло
    申请人:Тамаг Базель Аг (Фирма)；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    ate
    Od sb

    CH
    The invention relates to methods for producing a smokable film interconnected and having on the surface a water-insoluble layer of pulverized plant materials and / or tobacco waste.
    The purpose of the invention is to obtain a film having improved filling ability, moisture resistance and high smoking properties. The method consists in mixing plant materials and / or tobacco waste with a substance and water that is less than the dry matter used. A film is formed under pressure between the crimping elements. The formed interconnected and still wet film with a moisture content of 30 to 50% is covered with a solution or suspension that at least contains water. soluble modified pectin from the group of lowering of etherified pectins with a degree of sterilization from 0.5 to 40% and / or amidated low-sterilized pectin with a degree of esterification from 20 to | 35% and degree of amidation from 15 to 30%, the modified pectin is drawn into contact with a bivalent and / or trivalent metal ion and the coated film dries out, with the concentration of modified pectin on the film surface relative to the final weight of the finished end product from Oj5 to 10 mas. ij Application of a viscous coating solution
    or coating suspensions on the surface of an already dried, already formed film that has a moisture content from 30 to 50% after the next one. drying only then gives a characteristic increase in the filling capacity of the cut smoking yenka, when the coating solution or yokrovna suspension contains one or several low certified Pectins with a degree of esterification of less than 40% and with the combination and reaction of this modified pectin with a divalent and / or trivalent type and / or ovine and / or trivalent and ом yome and / and trivalent and ome. drying on the surface. Smoking film is not grown. A water-soluble layer. This increase in & nolnuyu ability is maintained | also after the processing of smoked cigarette into cigarettes.
    five
    l
    five
    five
    The degree of esterification of the proposed low-esterified pectins can be from 0.5 to 40%, moreover, due to better water solubility of pectins with a slightly higher degree of erification, from 10 to 40%. Instead of low-esterified pectins, also amidated low-esterified pectins, namely pectins, in which a part of ester groups (methyl ester groups) are replaced by amide groups or in which a part of still free carboxyl groups are transferred, can be used. Along with an appropriate degree of esterification, which can vary in the range of values given, such amidated low esterized pectins have an amidation degree of at least 15%, and pectins with an esterification rate of 35 to 20%, respectively. 15 to 30% are preferred. Can be
    (Combinations of one are also used.
     1 or more low-esterified pectins with one or several wi-1 dir; low esterified with g-pectins.
    Such low esterified pectyes are also suitable for coating films. the degree of esterification of which is below 10%, since such pectins, even with a small amount of divalent and / or trivalent metal ions, give a water-insoluble layer of good stability. Due to the low water solubility of pectins with a degree of etherification of less than 10%, for preparing a coating solution: sheath of a coating suspension is successfully used, their alkali metal salts, like sodium pectinate, or their ammonium salts. The degree of esterification of such pectinates is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10%, and in particular between 1 and 5%. I.
    This film, made from pressure systems by applying THESE relatively simple and cheap measures, gives the same good or even better filling capacity than a film made by paper or suspension method, and the improved properties of such films are preserved even after their films. processing in cigarettes.
    3-1
    The bivalent and / or trivalent metal ions of the invention preferably consist of calcium ions and / or magnesia ions and / or aluminum ions. The filling capacity of products coated with a water-insoluble layer and cut, on average, is 20–60% higher than the filling capacity of products made in the same way and having the same composition, but without a coating layer, and when have a higher content in the burning means.
    Preferred concentration of modified pectins in the coating solution or in the coating suspension

    it is 2–8 wt.%, so that for example 1. The ground tobacco and water are thoroughly mixed between the eyba and are rolled into a film on a three-shearing machine.
    bone of the coating solution or cover-2o waste, as a means of adhesion (sodium suspension at the temperature of its carboxymethylcellulose; carbonate. bearing is 5000 - 60000 mPa s.
    Films made in this way give an already improved filling capacity when the concentration of the base roller on the surface of the lubricant is covered with a dry weight of the final product at least 0.5 wt.%. It is preferable that the concentration of modified dr pectins on the surface of the product on various coating solutions before it gets on the perforated tape; it is pre-dried and in a drum dryer it is brought to a final moisture content of 14 - 6% water content. Table 1 shows the compositions of individual films.
    ranged between 1.2 and 1.5 May.% relative to the dry weight of the finished end product.
    Calcium ions and / or magnesia ions excised strips of widths; 1st 1 mm as in
    and / or aluminum ions, which are necessary for the formation of a water-insoluble layer, can be mixed either in the direction of the valsacena so and in the direction transverse to it, their moisture content was set at 14% of the water content, and then
    direction and in the direction transverse to it, their humidity was set at 14% of the water content
    an even solution and a coating suspension, or to crushed vegetable omeren, their filling capacity and tobacco materials and / or waste. When using the Bogwald hydrometer to avoid premature gelation - scale weights. Neither ions of the coating solution or coating Films coated with a low-ester suspension are successfully introduced with pectin (B) and amidated in the form of water-insoluble salt with low esterified pectin in the form of CaCO, Ca (PO) j, i AlPO, MgC03 (F ), despite the reduced total
    etc. In case they are introduced into crushed plant materials and / or tobacco waste, then soluble sogQ, such as lactates, sulfates, etc., can also be used. In both cases, a water-insoluble layer is obtained by exchanging divalent or trivalent metal ions with cations of soluble modified pectins during drying of the coated formation. The concentration of these ions is dependent on the nature of their use.
    55
    The content of the burning agent, retains its filling capacity against the uncovered film (A), also after processing into cigarettes, for films C, D and E, the initially improved filling capacity after processing into cigarettes is lost again (Table 2). .
    Example2. Tobacco films were made in the same way as in example 1 and on the surface are coated with various amounts of low ester
    and the coating material is preferably between 0.5 and 20% by weight, relative to the amount of modified pectin, if they are introduced into the coating solution or coating suspension, and preferably between 0.5 and 10% by weight when they are incorporated into the crushed vegetable tobacco materials and / or waste with respect to the dry weight of the finished end product. These boundaries are indicative values, so that depending on the type of modified pectins, the necessary quantities of ions can go beyond these boundaries to one side or the other.
    Example 1. Ground crushed tobacco and water are thoroughly mixed between the eyboy and rolled into a film on a three-sheave machine.
    sticky waste, in grease (sodium carboxymethylcellulose;, carbonate.
     the third roller film is covered with a spreading device
     the third roller film is covered with a spreading device
    various coating solutions before it gets on the perforated tape; it is pre-dried and in a drum dryer it is brought to a final moisture content of 14 - 6% water content. Table 1 shows the compositions of individual films.
    From trial films from A to F were
    direction and in the direction transverse to it, their humidity was set at 14% water content and after that was
    Their filling capacity is measured by means of a Bogwaldt hydrometer with a scale of specific gravities. Films coated with low-esterified pectin (B) and amidated low-esterified pectin (F), despite reduced total
    The content of the burning agent, retains its filling capacity against the uncovered film (A), also after processing into cigarettes, for films C, D and E, the initially improved filling capacity after processing into cigarettes is lost again (Table 2). .
    Example2. Tobacco films were made in the same way as in example 1 and on the surface are coated with various amounts of low ester1405690
    |}) iced pectin (degree of esterification from about 20 to 22%). At the same time, the coating solution contains calcium ions in an amount of 2% relative to the low-esterified peccine (Table 3).
    From tab. 3, it can be seen that the filling capacity increases with increasing concentration of the coating material on the film surface. With an increase in the concentration of more than 1.5%, the progression of the increase in filling aids becomes noticeably less
    I /
    This provision is also valid for films made from matte, tobacco substitutes, and specifically ground particles of plants, such as the rim of cocoa beans, the shell of coffee or wood pulp.
    PRI me R 3, For the manufacture, Lenka A was thoroughly mixed with 2300 g of milled tobacco waste with 50 g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose: oza, 37.5 g of gua-1an core flour, 25 g of magnesium formate and 50 g of aluminum ulfate, first in dry ide and then with 1000 g of water. Wet, but still loose, the mass was pulled by rolling on a three-roll machine into film. On the third alts, the film is still wet with alza so it is coated with a 5% solution of 5 ohm sodium pectinate (the degree of etherization of pectin is from about 1 to 4%; on the surface and 1.5 May.% sodium pectinate. Covers the film followed by drying - jjiacb on the tape to a moisture content of 4% of water content.
    Film B was made from these materials and additives as film-ika A, however, with the difference that it was subjected to coating, instead it contained J, 5% by weight of the same nat pectinate in its bulk It is made of the same |: e material and additives as film A and B, but with the difference that 1- | preparation takes place on the paper process.
    All three types of film are used to destroy business papers with a help of paper, diagonal to the direction of movement, Yyl are cut into strips 1 mm wide of the same length, their humidity
    0
    five
     ,
    C
    0
    five
    0
    five
    0
    6
    The water content was increased to 14% and the filling capacity was measured using a Borgwald hydrometer with a scale of specific weights. In parallel, cigarettes were made from all three films and evaluated on an apparatus for artificial smoking of tobacco products. The results are shown in table 4. ,one
    EXAMPLE 4 By using the method of Example 3, as well as using 1000 g of water all over, various films of ground tobacco waste are obtained, and instead of sodium pectinate with an esterification rate of about 1-4% the following pectins to form surface coatings on films: film D - low-esterified pectin with an esterification degree of about 0.5-1%; film E - low-esterified pectin with an esterification degree of about 37-40%; film F - low-identified and amidated pectin with a degree esterification 32-- about 35% and a degree of amidation of about 15-18%, the film I - low-esterified and amidated pectin with a degree of esterification of about 20-22% and a degree of amidation of about 28-30%.
    Separate solutions for coatings based on these pectins are applied as a surface coating on moist tobacco films in such an amount that finished films are obtained, containing on the surface, respectively, 1.5 wt.% Pectin, and all films are dried to a moisture content of 14% water.
    The films thus obtained are cut into tobacco, and individual tobacco samples are examined according to the method described in Example 3 using a Borgwald densimeter for filling capacity (). The results obtained here are shown in Table 5.
    The specified values of filling capacity for cut tobacco from the films obtained by the proposed method approximately correspond to the value of the filling surface 5.4 (film A, example 3) and thus always much higher than the values of the filling capacity of film B of example 3.
    71405690
    formula of invention
    fi ri st
    1. A method for producing an interconnected smoking film, having a water-insoluble coating on the surface, comprising mixing crushed plant materials and / or tobacco waste with a binding agent and water, wherein the amount of water is less than the amount of dry matter, forming a film under pressure between crimping elements , applying a pectin-based solution or suspension coating to at least one of the film surfaces with a moisture content of 30-50% and drying, followed by hardening digging through pectin contact with bivalent and / or trivalent metal ions and the formation of a water-insoluble coating of hardened pectin on the film surface, characterized in that, in order to obtain a film having improved filling capacity, moisture resistance and high smoking properties solution or suspension, use at least one water-soluble modified pectin from the group of low-esterified pectins with a degree of etherification from 0.5 to 40% and / or amidated, and its -.
    In stitching agent (HACMS), mixed with tobacco flour, g Calcium carbonate Coating, g: Low esterifidiated pectin with a degree of esterification from 30 to 38
    High esterified pectin with a degree of esterification from 60 to 70%
    eight
    pectin with a degree of esterification from 20 to 35% and with an appropriate degree of amidation from
    15 to 30%, while contacting the modified pectin with bivalent and / or trivalent metal ions is carried out by adding a water-soluble calcium salt and / or magnesium salt and / or aluminum salt to crushed plant materials and / or tobacco waste in an amount of 0.5 - 10 wt.% In relation to the weight of the dry product, or by
    Addition of salts of divalent or trivalent metals to a solution or suspension, having a viscosity of 5,000 - 60000 mPa * s at ambient temperature, in which the concentration
    the water-soluble modified pectin is 2-8% by weight, and the solution or suspension is applied in such an amount that the concentration of modified pectin on the film surface relative to the weight of the dry end product is 0.5-1.5% by weight.

    2, the method according to ts.1, about tl and h and h - 30 y and with the fact that use of modified pectin in the form of alkali metal pectinate and / or ammonium pectinate with a degree of esterification of 0.5 - 10% .
    Table 1
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    3
    1.5
    Sodium carboxymethylcellulose
    Guarana core flour
    Amidated low esterified pectin with an amidation degree of about 22% and a degree of esterification.
    Filling capacity at 14% water content (measured by hydrometer-), cm Vr
    (%):
    In the section in the direction of rolling
    In the cross section to the direction of rolling
    Machine-made cigarettes with 20% cut film and 80% regular tobacco blend: The average weight of a cigarette with equal hardness and humidity, mg (%)
    4.20
    (-)
    3.21 (-)
    5.03 4.35 4.91 4.75 5.30 (+ 19.8) (+3.6) (+ 16.9) (+ 13L) (+26.2)
    4.58 3.57 4.20 4.02 4.68 (+42.7) (+ 11.2) (+30.8) (+25.2) (+45.8)
    985
    (-)
    916 989 973 (-7.0) (+0.4) (-1.2)
    979,910 (-0.6) (-7.6)
    J405690
    10 Continuation of table 1
    U5
    1.5
    979,910 (-0.6) (-7.6)
    Properties
    Indicators for films coated with low esterification
    pectin
    The amount of pectin, wt.% Dry weight of the film
    Fill with the ability at 14% of VO content (measured with a hydrometer), cm / g:
    In rarareze in the direction of rolling
    In the cross section to the direction of rolling
    0.2 0.5 0.81.0
    4.02 4.26 4.53 4.9
    , 21.5 2.0 2.5
    4.95.08 5.2 5.2
    2.91 3.18 3.61 4.02 4.24.64.644.68
    3 full capacity,
    Smoke rating
    Table 3
    , 21.5 2.0 2.5
    4.95.08 5.2 5.2

    3.8
    5.3
    Aroma- Empty, well-defined, no tobacco-free container of taste, character, sharply-cellulose-any kind of difference with A
    权利要求:
    Claims (3)
    [1]
    Claim.
    1. A method of obtaining an interconnected smoking film having a water-insoluble coating on the 5th surface, comprising mixing crushed plant materials and / or tobacco waste with an astringent and water, the amount of water 10 being less than the amount of dry matter, forming a film under pressure between the squeezing elements , coating from a solution or suspension of pectin based on at least 15 of one of the surfaces of the film with a moisture content of 30-50% and drying, followed by hardening of the applied p coating by contact of pectin with divalent and / or 20 trivalent metal ions and the formation of a water-insoluble coating from hardened pectin on the surface of the film, characterized in that, in order to obtain a film having improved filling ability, moisture resistance and high smoking properties in solution or suspension, use at least one water-soluble modified pectin from the group of low esterified pectins with an degree of esterification from 0.5 to 40% and / or amidated, low ester and milled pectin with an esterification degree of 20 to 35% and with an appropriate degree of amidation of 15 to 30%, wherein the modified pectin is contacted with divalent and / or trivalent metal ions by adding a water-soluble calcium salt and / or magnesium salt and / or salt aluminum to crushed plant materials and / or tobacco waste in an amount of 0.5 to 10 wt.% in relation to the weight of the dry product, or by adding salts of divalent or trivalent metals in a solution or suspension having at at ambient temperature, a viscosity of 5000-60,000 mPa s, in which the concentration of water-soluble modified pectin is 2-8 wt.%, and the solution or suspension is applied in such an amount that the concentration of the modified pectin on the surface of the film relative to the dry weight of the final product is 0, 5 - 1.5 wt.%.
    I.
    [2]
    2. The method according to π, 1, on the list of shares with the fact that they use modified pectin in the form of alkali metal pectinate and / or ammonium pectinate with a degree of esterification of 0.5 to 10%.
    Table 1
    Composition
    Indicators for the film “And
    II
    Tobacco flour, g 91, 0 92.5 Astringent(NaCMC) mixed with tobacco flour, g A 3 Calcium carbonate 3 3 Coating g:Low esterified pectin with a degree of esterification from 30 to 38%1.5 Highly esterified pectinwith the degree ofrification from 60up to 70%
    92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
    1,5
    J 405690
    Continuation Table 1
    Composition
    I
    Performance for the film A ' IN FROM  ..... .... £. At
    Sodium Carboxyme-
    cellulose 1,5 - - Guarana Flour - -* 1,5
    Amidated low esterified pectin with an amidation degree of about 22% and an esterification degree of about 28% Water, g 80
    · “ · “ - 1,5 40 fifty 40 fifty 80
    table 2
    Properties
    Performance for the film
    Filling capacity at 14% water content (measured by hydrometer), cm ^ / g (%):
    In the context of nap- 4.20 5.03 4.35 4.91 4.75 5.30 rolling mill vania (-) (+19.8) (+3.6) (+16.9) (+13,)) (+26.2) Cut across towards 3.21 4.58 3.57 4.20 4.02 4.68 rolling (-) (+42.7) (+ 11.2) (+30.8) (+25.2) (+45.8)
    Machine-made cigarettes with 20% cut film and 80% regular tobacco mix: Average weight Cigarettes with equal hardness and moisture
    Nreti, mg (%) 985 916 989 973 979 910 (-) (-7.0) (+0.4) (-1.2) (-0.6) (-7.6
    J 405690
    I 2) 1
    Table 3 Properties Indicators for films coated with low ester pectin
    The amount of pectin, wt.% To the dry weight of the film
    1,
    1.5 2.0 2.5
    Filling Method capacity at 14Z in · * additional content (measured by hydrometer), cm 3 / g: In a section in the direction of rolling 4.02 4.26 4,53
    4.9
    [3]
    5.08 5.2 5.2
    In a section across to rolling direction 2.91 3.18 3.61
    4.02 4.2
    4.6
    4.64 4.68
    Table.4 Properties Performance for the film - [ in * FROM_______ 3 filling ability cm 3 / g 5,4 3.8 5.3 Smoke rating Aromatic Aroma Empty, explicit tic no tobacco obviously tobacco character cask taste no side character acutely taste practical cellulose
    - no difference whatsoever with A
    Table5
    Properties Performance for the film D g 1 1 Filling in property cm 3 / g 5,4 4.9 5,3 '5,2
    类似技术:
    公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题
    JP3681410B2|2005-08-10|Reconstituted tobacco sheet and method for producing and using the same
    SU1405690A3|1988-06-23|Method of making coupled smoking film having water-insoluble coating on surface
    NL8302815A|1984-03-01|TOBACCO LAMINATE AND METHOD FOR MAKING TOBACCO FILLING MATERIAL.
    US20150001148A1|2015-01-01|Filter Media
    DE1517280A1|1969-09-11|Process for treating tobacco and products and binders obtained thereby
    SU516333A3|1976-05-30|Method of making a smoking product
    KR100575469B1|2006-05-03|Wrapper paper for smoking articles
    CA2742669A1|2010-05-20|Low flame-spreading cigarette paper
    DE2429783A1|1975-01-23|TOBACCO PRODUCT
    US1930178A|1933-10-10|Composition for printing or graining
    US4770194A|1988-09-13|Method of manufacturing wrinkled sheet tobacco
    EP0216926A1|1987-04-08|Process for manufacturing wrinkled sheet tobacco
    IE41531B1|1980-01-30|Smoking product
    CN106192599B|2018-06-26|A kind of preparation method of low igniting property cigar wrapping paper
    CA1184756A|1985-04-02|Substitute smoking tobacco product
    US4574819A|1986-03-11|Process for increasing the filling power of tobacco
    US3421519A|1969-01-14|Reconstituted tobacco sheet
    EP3662767A1|2020-06-10|Paper sheet and method of making it
    CN106283841B|2018-12-07|A kind of preparation method of high cigar wrapping paper
    DE3705734A1|1987-09-10|SMOKING MATERIAL
    US3419014A|1968-12-31|Reconstituted tobacco
    CA1061096A|1979-08-28|Tobacco products containing pectin
    DE1164902B|1964-03-05|Method for producing a tobacco foil
    WO1986005366A1|1986-09-25|Process for manufacturing wrinkled sheet tobacco
    GB1593729A|1981-07-22|Method of making a cigarette having relative filling power and a cigarette made thereby
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    HU192149B|1987-05-28|
    ZA834369B|1984-03-28|
    ES523699A0|1984-05-16|
    AT22780T|1986-11-15|
    DE3224416C1|1984-03-15|
    BR8303484A|1984-02-07|
    KR840004864A|1984-10-31|
    IL68984D0|1983-10-31|
    HUT37559A|1986-01-23|
    AR230928A1|1984-08-31|
    EP0097968B1|1986-10-15|
    KR900000645B1|1990-02-02|
    AU564994B2|1987-09-03|
    CA1196774A|1985-11-19|
    EP0097968A1|1984-01-11|
    US4564031A|1986-01-14|
    DE3366819D1|1986-11-20|
    AU1615183A|1984-01-05|
    ES8405097A1|1984-05-16|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    RU2449717C2|2007-12-21|2012-05-10|Свидиш Мэтч Норт Юроп Аб|Tobacco or non-tobacco product containing magnesium carbonate|
    RU2466662C1|2008-11-12|2012-11-20|Джапан Тобакко Инк.|Cigarette paper with low flame spreading property|US3016907A|1959-10-19|1962-01-16|Int Cigar Mach Co|Manufacture of tobacco|
    US3185162A|1960-12-05|1965-05-25|American Mach & Foundry|Process for making reconstituted sheet tobacco|
    US3121433A|1961-08-08|1964-02-18|American Mach & Foundry|Manufacture of smoking products|
    US3386449A|1966-06-16|1968-06-04|Philip Morris Inc|Method of making a reconstituted tobacco sheet|
    GB1495941A|1974-02-21|1977-12-21|Imp Group Ltd|Smoking product|
    US4140135A|1975-12-29|1979-02-20|Gulf & Western Corporation|Hydrophobic coating for tobacco sheet material|
    US4176668A|1977-05-02|1979-12-04|Amf Incorporated|Novel reconstituted tobacco sheets and process|
    US4341228A|1981-01-07|1982-07-27|Philip Morris Incorporated|Method for employing tobacco dust in a paper-making type preparation of reconstituted tobacco and the smoking material produced thereby|DE3819534C1|1988-06-08|1989-12-07|B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg, De|
    US5377698A|1993-04-30|1995-01-03|Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation|Reconstituted tobacco product|
    US5540242A|1993-07-07|1996-07-30|Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation|Cigarette paper having reduced sidestream properties|
    US5584306A|1994-11-09|1996-12-17|Beauman; Emory|Reconstituted tobacco material and method of its production|
    US8710682B2|2009-09-03|2014-04-29|Designer Molecules Inc, Inc.|Materials and methods for stress reduction in semiconductor wafer passivation layers|
    CN104253275B|2013-06-25|2016-08-10|中国科学院物理研究所|For lithium battery or the binding agent of lithium-sulfur cell, pole piece and manufacture method and battery|
    CN111526740A|2017-12-05|2020-08-11|日本烟草产业株式会社|Filler for smoking article|
    CA3129076A1|2019-02-11|2020-08-20|Swm Luxembourg|Reconstituted cocoa material for generating aerosols|
    CN112120274A|2020-08-20|2020-12-25|四川工商职业技术学院|Composite tobacco sheet and preparation method thereof|
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    DE3224416A|DE3224416C1|1982-06-30|1982-06-30|Smokable, coherent film and process for its production|
    [返回顶部]